A recent groundbreaking brain-imaging study found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder experience a development delay with a distinct biological basis. Investigators at the National Institute of Mental Health discovered that areas of the brain’s cortex undergo a thinning maturation process about three years later in children with A.D.H.D. than in those without the condition. Areas that integrate sensory information with executive functions like focused attention, remembering things from moment to moment and controlling movement — functions that are often compromised in people with A.D.H.D. — showed the longest lag time. Estimated to affect millions of Americans — 3 percent to 7 percent of children and more than 4 percent of adults — A.D.H.D. has traveled an extraordinary arc of clinical and public opinion over the last four decades. What began as a relatively unknown disorder became broadly recognized as one of the most common psychiatric problems in children and an increasingly major consideration in adult psychiatric diagnoses as well. A November 2007 M.R.I. brain-imaging study showed an average three-year lag in a brain maturation process in children with A.D.H.D. Affected areas of the brain are involved in executive functions like focus, attention, working memory and control of movement. Despite much evidence for A.D.H.D.’s biological basis, a current of skepticism about whether it is actually a valid medical condition persists. A.D.H.D. problems may persist into adulthood in a majority of cases.
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Mar 14